Computer Crimes And The Criminal Justice System Essay

Around 1989, the Internet was created and with its creation and new opportunities, new ranges of crimes also emerged: Computer crimes. Conveniently for criminals, there is no requirement for an offender to be at the scene of the crime physically, yet they achieve the same results. Due to the fact that computer crimes involve a certain knowledge of technology, it has become an attractive field for young people. Throughout the years after the invention of the internet, many criminal acts have been carried out by young offenders and law makers ought to quickly catch up in responding to new threats. Thus, while it is rather timely to adopt and create new laws that criminalise certain cyber activities, the criminal justice system in England and Wales developed various responses to young people who commit computer enabled and computer related crimes which, amongst others, include hacking. Computer enabled crime has been defined by Interpol as a way for criminals to take a new turn on old, traditional crimes with the advantages of the internet and reach more victims (â€Å"Cybercrime†, n. d.). McGuire and Dowling reported in a UK Home Office Research that the two most common computer enabled crimes fall into fraud and theft, specifically in the financial sector (2013, p.4). Similarly, computer related crimes are â€Å"considered as any illegal, unethical or unauthorised behaviour related to the automatic processing and the transmission of data† (Kaspersen, 1995). Since theft has beenShow MoreRelatedWith The Advancement Of Technology It Has Changed The Entire1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthe criminal justice system. With Technology becoming a part of peoples everyday lives it is to be expected that technology would cross over into the world of crime. New computer crime has escalated in the past 10 years. As with the advancement of crime it has also made advancements in crime fighting aspect of criminal justice, these advances help criminal justice professionals in the community while on duty and during the investigatory stage. The advent of technology in the criminal justice systemRead MoreComputer Technology And The Field Of Criminal Justice Professionals Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesComputer technology has become a vital part in our everyday lives. The field of Criminal Justice is no exception. The usage of computer technology and other devices is pivotal and can assist Criminal Justice professionals with the tasks they face on a daily basis . Prior to enrolling in this course, I have had extensive knowledge in computer technology as well as computer applications used in the field of criminal justice. Computer applications used by criminal justice professionals such as NCAWARERead MoreThe Achievement And Success Of Cyber Crimes1124 Words   |  5 PagesSuccess in Cybercrime Cyber crimes refer to crimes committed against computers, computer networks of the information stored in computers (Bronk, 2008). In the past, the main problem that law enforcement officers have faced with regard to cyber crimes has had to do with the jurisdiction. With the prominence of the internet as a means communication and computers are a means of accessing information, cyber crimes have become prevalent. However, given the realisation that cyber crimes can be committed by anyRead MoreThe Crimes Of The Criminal Justice System968 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, there are different types of crimes that can be committed. These crimes have been traditionally defined as either computer crimes or cybercrimes. The distinction in the two types of crimes seems to focus primarily on whether the crime can be committed without the use of technology and if the computer itself was actively involved with the crime. However, both types have created issues with the criminal justice system wit h how criminals are committing their crimes, the difficulties in law enforcementRead MoreComputer Crimes And The Most Famous One Is Hacking857 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many types of computer crimes and the most famous one is hacking. Hacking is the ability of gaining unauthorized access to systems or resources. Hacking is now commonly defined as someone breaking into a computer system. Trojan Horses is a program designed to breach the security of a computer system. An example of this is someone writing a seemingly harmless program, while the program really contains harmful code and data. There have even been programs that were â€Å"Trojan Horses†. These programsRead MoreCyber Crime And Criminal Justice1420 Words   |  6 Pages Cyber Crime in Criminal Justice James Franklin Florida International Abstract The Internet is the connection of computer networks that link billions of devices worldwide. Every day the Internet is getting bigger and bigger bringing the world even closer. Unfortunately, with the growth of the Internet, this has created more problems for the Cyber World. While the justice system is attempting to handle this issue, it is becoming too consistent and numerous individualsRead More Ethics in the Age of Information Essay example1474 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation age is the computer, whether it be a PC or a network of computer systems. As we enter the information age the newness and power of information technologies tests the ethics of the average person, not just the criminal and causes thousands of computer crimes to be committed daily. The most common computer crime committed daily, some aware and many not, is the illegal sharing of computer software. Software is any of the programs used in operating a digital computer, as input and output programsRead MoreEss ay on Computer Crime: Technology and Cyberspace1343 Words   |  6 Pagesuse a type of computer in some way, whether it is work related or if it is for personal use such as social networking. Another thing occurring on a daily basis is criminals committing either trivial or major crimes; so it is not hard to imagine that these two actions would start to syndicate into one. Cyber-crime is defined as â€Å"unauthorized use of a computer for personal gain† (Dictionary.com), but the true depth of the definition is so much deeper. Anyone can be affected by cyber-crime, it can affectRead MoreInternational Criminal Justice Trends1122 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Crime has continually evolved thus becoming more complicated especially due to technological developments. The other factors that have contributed to crime complexity includes demographic changes for males below 30 years of age which is a crime-prone age limit; and macro-economic scales that include the unemployment rate, consumers spending power and economic stability of the region. These factors revolve aroundRead MoreThe Use of Technology in Criminal Justice1263 Words   |  6 Pagesis steadily becoming a major asset to our future in a wide range of areas, and has been embedded in our lives currently to the point of being close to a necessity. In Criminal Justice, the use of technology has proven to be of tremendous help in many areas of the field. The incorporation of the computer systems in criminal justice tremendously has improved the general communication between agencies as the new methods of transferring information among departments. In addition, it has become much more

Critique of a Nursing Research Article Free Essays

The abstract summarizers the chief characteristics of the study: job, methods, consequences, and. decision. The job was to place milk adequateness at yearss 6 and 7 to see if that was an index of what the milk supply would be at hebdomad 6 postpartum. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of a Nursing Research Article or any similar topic only for you Order Now The method used was mechanical look to originate and keep milk supply for preterm bringings. The healthy full term bringings were to feed their baby at the chest and to make pre and postfeed weighs with each eating and to document consequences. Baseline milk end product was predicted as a†°? 500ml/d at hebdomad 6. Preterm bringings were at hazard of bring forthing deficient sums of milk. Study consequences indicated that that the intercessions used during the first hebdomad is critical. J Hum Lact.21 ( 1 ) :22-30 Introduction The job about milk production is easy identified. I do experience that a quantitative attack to this survey is appropriate and the information collected will assist nurses Carolyn Reagan p. 3 understand more about lactation and the demand for early intercessions to assist bring forth and keep a good milk supply. The article does non hold a subdivision titled background but this information is enclosed in an ignoble subdivision at the beginning of the article. Three surveies were referenced with the sample size being 9-73 participants. One survey referenced used multiparous Caucasic adult females merely. Study found that it was the map of the frequence and strength of suction by the baby. Study findings suggested that milk end product for a healthy term baby ranged from 600-900g/d. In one survey 733 i‚ ± 69 g/d in another survey through the first 4 months of life. In two other surveies preterm bringings were referenced were the female parents were pumping. The sample size was 9-12 participants. The volume yielded at 2 hebdomads was 2032.5 g/w ( SD = 1736.0 ) and 2513.2 ( SD = 1748.0 ) g/wk. Method The article includes a clearly identified trying subdivision. The research inquiries are easy identified. The eligibility standard was: non-smoking ; English or Spanish speech production female parents ; 18 old ages of age or older ; participants had to be able to be reached by telephone ; no history of Thyroid or Endocrine upsets ; non taking steroids or inhalators ; program to entirely breastfeed for 12 hebdomads or longer ; pre-term a†°Ã‚ ¤ 31 hebdomads gestation weighing 1500 gms or singleton, healthy, full term baby ( 37 hebdomads gestation ) weighing a†°? 2500 gm. Written consents signifiers had to be approved by the University of Illinois at Chicago and the four take parting third attention centre in the Midwest. The consents had to be signed by each female parent prior to take parting in the survey. Appropriate processs were used to Carolyn Reagan p. 4 safeguard the rights of the survey participants. The survey was designed to minimise hazards and to maximise benefits to the participants. The sample size was equal at 92 per group which was specified in the survey. The best possible trying design was used and sample prejudice was minimized. The hypothesis is non stated which is justifiable. The research inquiries are clearly identified. In the country of informations aggregation the female parents received samples and equipment necessary for the survey. Verbal and written instructions on survey protocols were provided and each female parent had to make a return presentation on how to piece the chest pump or how to utilize the baby graduated tables. They besides had to finish a questionnaire during survey entry refering to sociodemographic informations and old breastfeeding experience, every bit good as the day of the month and clip following bringing that chest stimulation via the pump or babe was initiated. For preterm bringings th e female parents were ask to pump chest at the same time for 10 proceedingss or until one chest is no longer dripping plus 2 more proceedingss. They needed to pump at least 8 times per twenty-four hours. Then document start clip of milk look ; Numberss of proceedingss pumped utilizing a stop watch ; and the sum of milk in millilitres expressed in to a unfertile bottle. The full term bringings were requested to make prefeed weights and postfeed weights. The female parent were instructed non to alter the babes nappies or vesture one time the prefeed weight was obtained until the postfeed weight was done. They were requested to nurse 8 to 12 times per twenty-four hours. They were instructed to maintain up with the sum consumed during each eating session. The cardinal variables were operational utilizing the best possible method. The information was collected in a mode that minimized prejudice. Appropriate statistical methods were Carolyn Reagan p.5 used, given the degree of measuring of the variables, and figure of groups being compared. Consequences â€Å" Descriptive statistics were used to depict the features of the full sample and the 2 gestation groups. SPSS, version 12.0 was used for analysis. XA? was used to prove differences for nominal variable with T trials for intervals with 2 groups and 1-way analysis of discrepancy for interval variables with more than 2 groups. Following review of the histograms and trials for normalcy, the square root transmutation was selected for the dependent milk volume variable when parametric statistics are reported ( Hill and Chatterson ) Same as below. â€Å" To exam the association between milk end product for the 2 gestation groups. Spearman p correlativity coefficients were generated. Repeated-measures analysis of discrepancy utilizing the general additive theoretical account was used to analyze average milk end product over clip for the 2 gestation groups. In add-on, GLM REPEATED was computed for each gestation group to depict and find the important tendency for the several group. ( Hill and Chatterson, Date ) . Is this a direct citation? Need close parentheses. The hazard of insufficiency was determined for each gestation group, and the comparative hazard with the 95 % assurance interval are reported. XA? is reported to prove differences of Carolyn Reagan p.6 preterm and term quintiles and hebdomad 6 milk production adequateness. A significance degree of P a†°Ã‚ ¤ .05 was accepted. ( Hill and Chatterson ) Analysiss were undertaken to turn to each research inquiry. Appropriate statistical methods were used, given the degree of i‚ ±measurement of the variables, and figure of groups being compared. The most powerful analytic method was used and it helped to command the confounding variables. Information about statistical significance, consequence size, and preciseness of estimations was presented. All the findings were adequately summarized, with good usage of tabular arraies and figures. Findingss were reported in a mode that facilitates a meta-analysis, and with sufficient information needed for Evidence Base Practice. Discussion This article suggests that during the first six hebdomads postpartum the variableness of milk end product automatically expressed by female parents of a nonnursing preterm baby was greater compared to the variableness in the sum of milk transferred at chest to the healthy term baby. In one prior survey with multiparae of term babies the milk supply increased quickly over the first 14 yearss. Full term bringings milk production can run from 523 to 1124 g/d and norm approximately 812 g/d at 3 months. In the present survey, term female parents at 6 hebdomads postpartum were bring forthing a mean of 663 i‚ ± 217.5 ml/d and preterm female parents 541 i‚ ± 460.0 wk/d. Some possible account could be supplementing with expression, breast milk volume is self-regulated by baby ‘s consumption, or residuary milk end product can be automatically expressed. Carolyn Reagan p.7 For female parents of preterm nonnursing baby, 3 surveies were found that mensural milk production in female parents who automatically express their milk. In one survey 2787 i‚ ± 1939 milliliter was reported. In two other surveies the average hebdomadal milk production volume were reported with great variableness in milk production for all survey hebdomads. There were no important differences in hebdomadal milk end product that was automatically expressed for hebdomads 2 through 6 postpartum. These surveies need to be cited. You give no mention for them. In this experimental survey for each gestation group, the hebdomadal milk end product was extremely correlated, the sum of milk produced at two hebdomads correlated with the sum of milk produced in the approaching hebdomads ; no intercessions were implemented to increase milk volume. The average milk end product at yearss 6 and 7 was associated with hebdomad 2 end product and reasonably associated with hebdomad 6. The findings suggest that early intercession my demand to happen during the first few yearss postpartum. By the 4th hebdomad full term female parents milk volume continued to increase while preterm female parent ‘s milk tended to diminish in volume. In this analysis 500 ml/day in a 24-hour period was used as a lower limit for milk adequateness. The recommendation for breastfeeding nonnursing female parents is to set up an abundant milk supply the first 7-10 yearss after bringing 750 to 1000 ml/d. The female parent ‘s milk supply could decrease and she would stil l be able to feed her baby. The preterm female parent has a 2.8 times more hazard for developing an unequal milk supply than do full term female parents. The mean at 6 – 7 yearss did predict whether a female parent of a term suckling baby or nonnursing preterm baby would accomplish milk adequateness at hebdomad 6 Carolyn Reagan p.8 postpartum. Study findings suggest that intercessions that promote an equal milk supply by the first hebdomad postpartum are critical. All Major findings are interpreted and discussed within the survey ‘s model. Interpretations are consistent with the consequences and the survey ‘s restrictions. The research workers discuss the deductions of the survey for clinical pattern and the deductions are sensible and complete. The study was written in a mode that makes the findings accessible to practising nurses. The research workers ‘ clinical makings and experiences enhance assurance in the findings and their reading. The survey does lend meaningful grounds that can be used in nursing pattern or that is utile to the nursing subject. How to cite Critique of a Nursing Research Article, Essay examples

A Tale of Two Citiess Theme of Resurrection Essay Example For Students

A Tale of Two Citiess: Theme of Resurrection Essay Tale Two Cities EssaysTheme of Resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens uses a variety of themes, including, revenge, revolution, fate, and imprisonment. Though these are very important themes, and were integral elements of this novel, resurrection served as the main theme aside from the obvious one which is revolution. The reason I chose resurrection instead of revolution, is because it is applicable outside of this novels setting. It is also important to note that the theme of sacrifice is closely tied into resurrection. The phrase recalled to life sounds the first note in the theme of resurrection with Dr. Manettes release from the Bastille after 18 years of solitary confinement, and sets Dickens plot in motion. The secret papers left in Manettes cell lead directly to the novels climax, Charles Darnays sentence to die. Crunchers grave robbing graphically illustrates the theme of resurrection: he literally raises people from the dead. One of the plots biggest surprises is based on Crunchers uunsuccesful attempt to unearthed the body of Roger Cly, the spy who testified with John Barsad against Charles Darnay. In France, years after his graveyard expedition, Cruncher discloses that Clys coffin contained only stones and dirt. This information enables Sydney Carton to force John Barsad, Clys partner, into a plot to save Charles Darnays life. Another important, but easily overlooked example of resurrection is when Dr. Manette grows confidence in himself and becomes the leader of the group. Dr. Manette triumphs over his past life and has a sort of rebirth. The best example of resurrection in the entire book, is also partly ironic in that Sydney Carton must die for this resurrection to take place, when he is executed on the guillotine in Paris. However, his death is not in the book as Dickens idea of poetic justice, as in the case of the villains, but rather as a divine reward. This is displayed when Carton decides to sacrifice himself by dying on the guillotine instead of Darnay, with I am the Resurrection and the life. This theme of resurrection appears earlier on with Cartons prophecy, where he envisions a son to be born to Lucie and Darnay, a son who will bear Cartons name. Thus he will symbolically be reborn through Lucie and Darnays child. This vision serves another purpose, though. In the early parts of the novel, Lucie and Darnay have a son, who dies when he is a very young child. This happens because the child was born in France instead of England, and if the DarnayCarton family is to survive into the future, they need a son to bear their name. But much more importantly, this second son will be born free of the aristocratic domination that has almost destroyed his father, Darnays, life. So this is how the children of Lucie and Darnay will live as English citizens free of any association with France and its violent past. Also; Carton will never truly die because in his death, he will have resurrected his own life, giving it purpose and meaning. Themes in novels generally come from the authors personal life, and we probably dont know why Dickens was so pre-occupied with the theme of resurrection, but it is none the less a very predominate method used in Dickens writing. Even if we dont know why the author chose the theme of resurrection, it certainly added some spice to the novel, and was interwoven with great care into the novels plot.

The Devils Highway free essay sample

Urrea is an author who wrote a book based on an investigative report concerning the twenty six men who attempted to cross the Mexican border in 2001. This deadly desert and fascinating book is titled â€Å"The Devil’s Highway†. Many souls that attempted to cross this died whether it was for pleasure or for opportunity. Both intentions ended in tragedy. The Devil’s highway is known to have evil spirits known from the Indian culture such as the coyote spirit and the evil witch. The desert contained nocturnal animals that are â€Å"poisonous and alien† such as: sidewinders, rattlesnakes, coral snakes, Gila monsters, killer bees, scorpions, giant centipedes, black widows, tarantulas etc. The main obstacle that stood in all the illegal immigrants way was the heat. The heat most definitely killed almost anyone who stepped foot on the desert. They never had enough water. Even the people who went to the desert just to sit and relaxed were cooked up in the heat because they didn’t have enough water with them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Devils Highway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this deadly dessert, the border lines are observed, inspected and secured by the border patrol. The border line is divided into sectors known as Tucson and Yuma. Urrea’s view of the border patrol is not so much as negative or positive. He describes it in a way where he portrays that they’re â€Å"just doing their job†. The border patrol played cruel jokes on the illegal immigrants such as: throwing the dead snake to scare them. Illegal immigrants made the choice to cross the devil’s highway because they believed it wasn’t as highly patrolled as other areas are. The process of crossing this desert is actually more than you think. A group who decides to go all at once meet with the person of their hometown who obviously has knowledge about crossing the border. This man’s name is Don Moi and he is known as a recruiter. He will gather information and contact and recruit more people. The immigrants who want to cross are guided by people who know the route and the process and these people are known as coyotes. Before most of this process takes place, immigrants gather most of their money and even take out loans to pay the coyotes to guide them through the deadly desert. The coyote who led the twenty six men in 2001 is Jesus Ramos (a. k. a. Mendez). Fourteen of the illegal immigrants he led died in the desert in attempt to cross the border. These men were known as Yuma 14. Who is ultimately responsible for the death of Yuma 14? Urrea creates a balance of blame on the Mendez and the desert itself. If Mendez hadn’t drifted into a different route, the Yuma 14 could’ve possibly survived along with the other twelve. But the desert’s heat is what killed all fourteen. Dehydration had gotten to them all. Mendez in the end did not give a good impression at all. He had taken all the money of the ones who had survived along with him. He reassured that he would get them their water and that they could wait where they were for him. Instead he took one person along with him and all of the money and that portrayed the selfishness he has within. He was willing to risk other’s lives just so he can survive. I think Urrea believes it is Mendez’s responsibility for the men who died known as Yuma 14. Towards the end of the chapter, Urrea adds in Mendez’s letter. In the letter, he states, By way of this letter, I ask forgiveness and pardon for what happened in the Arizona desert, because I really am sorry from the bottom of my heart for what happened and it honestly wasn’t my intention to lead those people to their deaths. (Urrea 188) [quoted by: Mendez] This quote in Mendez’s letter is an apology. Therefore he already takes fault in the deaths of the Yuma 14. He led them in the wrong direction for a long time and they ran out energy and water. I don’t think Urrea would put the blame one the border patrol because he believes that the border patrol is just doing their job. The border patrol’s main focus is to save the people who are suffering trying to cross the desert. I believe the desert holds a lot more responsibility than the Mendez and the border patrol. Urrea goes into detail about hyperthermia. Hyperthermia has six stages—heat stress, heat fatigue, heat syncope, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. These stages most likely lead to the death of immigrants trying to cross the boder. Urrea also proves that even people who go there to relax end up dying. Urrea’s focus on the desert showed how frightening and deadly it can be. He has provided facts and stories about the desert. He describes the disturbing details of the men’s bodies after it’s been in the sun for so long. He tells us the cruel games the border patrol play and yet he tells us about how they want to save the lives, too. He even says that the border patrol is afraid to travel through the desert. He provides stories of other people who have crossed the cruel dessert and he tells about the lives of the people involved in this incident. I believe that it is the desert that holds responsibility for the lives of Yuma 14. The Devils Highway free essay sample Urrea is an author who wrote a book based on an investigative report concerning the twenty six men who attempted to cross the Mexican border in 2001. This deadly desert and fascinating book is titled â€Å"The Devil’s Highway†. Many souls that attempted to cross this died whether it was for pleasure or for opportunity. Both intentions ended in tragedy. The Devil’s highway is known to have evil spirits known from the Indian culture such as the coyote spirit and the evil witch. The desert contained nocturnal animals that are â€Å"poisonous and alien† such as: sidewinders, rattlesnakes, coral snakes, Gila monsters, killer bees, scorpions, giant centipedes, black widows, tarantulas etc. The main obstacle that stood in all the illegal immigrants way was the heat. The heat most definitely killed almost anyone who stepped foot on the desert. They never had enough water. Even the people who went to the desert just to sit and relaxed were cooked up in the heat because they didn’t have enough water with them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Devils Highway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this deadly dessert, the border lines are observed, inspected and secured by the border patrol. The border line is divided into sectors known as Tucson and Yuma. Urrea’s view of the border patrol is not so much as negative or positive. He describes it in a way where he portrays that they’re â€Å"just doing their job†. The border patrol played cruel jokes on the illegal immigrants such as: throwing the dead snake to scare them. Illegal immigrants made the choice to cross the devil’s highway because they believed it wasn’t as highly patrolled as other areas are. The process of crossing this desert is actually more than you think. A group who decides to go all at once meet with the person of their hometown who obviously has knowledge about crossing the border. This man’s name is Don Moi and he is known as a recruiter. He will gather information and contact and recruit more people. The immigrants who want to cross are guided by people who know the route and the process and these people are known as coyotes. Before most of this process takes place, immigrants gather most of their money and even take out loans to pay the coyotes to guide them through the deadly desert. The coyote who led the twenty six men in 2001 is Jesus Ramos (a. k. a. Mendez). Fourteen of the illegal immigrants he led died in the desert in attempt to cross the border. These men were known as Yuma 14. Who is ultimately responsible for the death of Yuma 14? Urrea creates a balance of blame on the Mendez and the desert itself. If Mendez hadn’t drifted into a different route, the Yuma 14 could’ve possibly survived along with the other twelve. But the desert’s heat is what killed all fourteen. Dehydration had gotten to them all. Mendez in the end did not give a good impression at all. He had taken all the money of the ones who had survived along with him. He reassured that he would get them their water and that they could wait where they were for him. Instead he took one person along with him and all of the money and that portrayed the selfishness he has within. He was willing to risk other’s lives just so he can survive. I think Urrea believes it is Mendez’s responsibility for the men who died known as Yuma 14. Towards the end of the chapter, Urrea adds in Mendez’s letter. In the letter, he states, By way of this letter, I ask forgiveness and pardon for what happened in the Arizona desert, because I really am sorry from the bottom of my heart for what happened and it honestly wasn’t my intention to lead those people to their deaths. (Urrea 188) [quoted by: Mendez] This quote in Mendez’s letter is an apology. Therefore he already takes fault in the deaths of the Yuma 14. He led them in the wrong direction for a long time and they ran out energy and water. I don’t think Urrea would put the blame one the border patrol because he believes that the border patrol is just doing their job. The border patrol’s main focus is to save the people who are suffering trying to cross the desert. I believe the desert holds a lot more responsibility than the Mendez and the border patrol. Urrea goes into detail about hyperthermia. Hyperthermia has six stages—heat stress, heat fatigue, heat syncope, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. These stages most likely lead to the death of immigrants trying to cross the boder. Urrea also proves that even people who go there to relax end up dying. Urrea’s focus on the desert showed how frightening and deadly it can be. He has provided facts and stories about the desert. He describes the disturbing details of the men’s bodies after it’s been in the sun for so long. He tells us the cruel games the border patrol play and yet he tells us about how they want to save the lives, too. He even says that the border patrol is afraid to travel through the desert. He provides stories of other people who have crossed the cruel dessert and he tells about the lives of the people involved in this incident. I believe that it is the desert that holds responsibility for the lives of Yuma 14.

buy custom Effects of Immigration on Jobs essay

buy custom Effects of Immigration on Jobs essay The article Effects of Immigration on Jobs; Wages Is Difficult for Economists to Nail Dow explains on the effects of the people who migrate and decide to stay in America. It indicates that the people have assisted in economic growth though there are some side effects. The people who migrated to America have displaced the workers from America. Those without high school diploma have entered the working in casual jobs hence reducing the wages. The manufacturing jobs have declined, and this made more citizens to remain jobless. Despite the side effects, immigrants have assisted a lot in the growth of economy, because they provide service with cheap labor. They pay for government taxes, and this assists in growth of economy of some state. Many immigrants join social unions, but they go back before retiring and they do not claim for their dues. The article, Defying Trends, Canada Lures More Migrants explains that Canada has benefited from immigrants. Those under Manitoba provide casual services like driving, carpentry, plumbing, and weaving among others. They provide the service at cheap price and this makes Canada safe. Those pay rent and other bills and this increases government revenue because of huge tax. Immigrants also determine the political wave because about 20% of Canadian voters are foreigners. Canada needs more foreigners to provide casual services with low wage. The immigrants have improved Canadian economy. Opinion The immigrants add value to the economy, because they make the country more congested. Some of the immigrants leave their country due to bad record, and when accepted to stay in foreign country, they may later develop criminal behaviour and become a threat to security. Countries should resource the citizens and train them to provide all services. When a terrorist enters a certain country, he can bring more loss than 100 immigrants bring. Each country should handle immigrants with great care. Buy custom Effects of Immigration on Jobs essay

Basic Argument for Fatalism

He thinks it is not up to him what will happen a thousand years hence, next year, tomorrow, or the very next moment. † (52) â€Å"A fatalist thinks of the future in the way we all think of the past, for everyone is a fatalist as he looks back on things. † (52) We all think of the past â€Å"as something settled and fixed, to be taken for what it is. We are never in the least tempted to try to modify it. It is not in the least up to us what happened last year, yesterday, or even a moment ago, any more than are the motions of the heaves or the political developments in Tibet. We say of past things that they are no longer within our power. The fatalist says they never were. † (52-53) Theological Fatalism According to the main versions of Western Monotheism (e. g. traditional Christianity), God is omniscient. To be omniscient is to have (in some important sense) unlimited knowledge. It’s hard to say what this amounts to, but let’s use the following defin ition (since it’s common) x is omniscient = for x knows every true proposition and x does not believe any false propositions. Many people think that omniscience is incompatible with human freedom, because it implies the doctrine of theological fatalism. Theological fatalism is the view that all human actions are unavoidable (and we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do) because God has exhaustive foreknowledge of all future human actions. Here is an important statement of the argument for theological fatalism from Augustine (On Free Choice of the Will, Book III) I very much wonder how God can have foreknowledge of everything in the future, and yet we do not sin by necessity. It would be an irreligious and completely insane attack on God’s foreknowledge to say that something could happen otherwise than as God foreknew †¦ Since God foreknew that [Adam] was going to sin, his sin necessarily had to happen. How, then, is the will free when such inescapable necessity is found in it? Surely this is the problem †¦ How is it that these two propositions are not contradictory and inconsistent: (1) God has foreknowledge of everything in the future; and (2) We sin by the will, not by necessity? For, you say, if God foreknows that someone is going to sin, then it is necessary that he sin. But if it is necessary, the will has no choice about whether to sin; there is an inescapable and fixed necessity. And so you fear that this argument forces us into one of two positions: either we draw the heretical conclusion that God does not foreknow everything in the future; or, if we cannot accept this conclusion, we must admit that sin happens by necessity and not by will. The Basic Argument for Theological Fatalism Where S stands for any person whatsoever and A stands for any action, Augustine’s argument can be stated as: 1. For any person, S, and an action, A, that S performs, God knew in advance that S will do A. 2. If God knows in advance that S will do A, then it necessary that S will do A. 3. Therefore, it is necessary that S will do A. 4. If it is necessary that S will do A, then S is not free to refrain from performing A. 5. If S is not free to refrain from performing A, then S does not freely perform A. 6. Therefore, no person ever acts freely. Evaluating the argument Premise 2 is ambiguous †¢P2a: Necessarily, If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A (De Dicto) †¢P2b: If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A (De Re) P2a is true but the resulting argument is invalid P2a is true. It says that the proposition â€Å"if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A† is necessarily true and this just means that it is impossible for God to know in advance that, for example, I will raise my arm at some time and I fail to raise my arm at that time. We can put this by saying that God’s knowing in advance that I will raise my arm at some time logically entails that I will raise my arm at that time. P2a is a way of expressing this truth. The resulting argument is invalid. Using P2a as the key premise, the argument is: 1. Necessarily, if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily, S will perform A. But this argument is invalid (the conclusion doesn’t follow from the premises). We can show this by means of a counterexample (an argument of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion). The form of this argument is: 1. Necessarily, If p, then p. 2. P 3. Therefore, necessarily q. To see that the argument is invalid, use the following substitutions: p = K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, q = K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. . Necessarily, If K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, then K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. 2. K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs 3. Therefore, necessarily K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. The premises of this argument are true but the conclusion is obviously false (I could go on a diet and successfully lose some weight). I weigh over 199lbs but not essentially. I could weigh less than 199lbs and, i n fact, I did weigh less than 199lbs at one point. All that follows from the first two premises is that, in fact, I in fact weight more than 199lbs. It doesn’t follow that it is impossible for me to weigh less than 199lbs. Just in case you are not convinced, here is a second counterexample (Plantinga’s) 1. Necessarily, if I know that George Clooney is a bachelor, then George Clooney is a bachelor. 2. I know that George Clooney is a bachelor. 3. Therefore, it is necessarily true that George Clooney is a bachelor Again, the premises are true but the conclusion is false. George Clooney is a bachelor but he is not essentially a bachelor. He could get married, he just chooses not to. All that follows from the first two premises is that George Clooney is in fact a bachelor (not that he is essentially a bachelor). P2b renders the argument valid but it is obviously false 1. If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily S will perform A. This argument is valid (it’s just modus ponens) and so if the premises were true then conclusion would be true as well. But P2b is false. Given the de re reading of P2b, it says that whatever propositions God knows are necessarily true or, to put the point in terms of properties, if God knows that some object has a property then the object has that property essentially. Taken in this way, P2b is obviously false (nor does it follow from omniscience). Since the basic argument has to rely on either P2a or P2b, the argument is either invalid or relies on a false premise. Either way it’s unsound. Here is a way of thinking about this criticism of the argument. From the fact that God knows that Paul will mow his yard on July 7, 2015 it follows that, on July 7 2015, Paul mows his yard and that he does not refrain from mowing his yard on that day. But, it does not follow that it is metaphysically impossible for Paul to refrain from mowing his yard that day (that Paul does not refrain from mowing and it is impossible that Paul refrain from mowing are two very different things). All that follows from the fact that God knows in advance that Paul will mow is that Paul will not exercise his power to refrain not that he lacks the power the power to refrain. The basic argument for theological fatalism needs the later inference, but that inference is not a good one. Thus, the basic argument fails.

Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Questions - Essay Example The religious paradigms and strong ethical and moral values are intrinsic to the academic curricula that motivate students towards academic integrity and empathy towards others. The value based education in PLNU is one of the most cherished factors that would help me to fulfill my long term goals of serving community with high degree of commitment and in promoting ethically delivered objectives and goals. In the current environment of fast paced life, the PLNU helps one to be grounded in the reality of human relationship that transcends social barriers of class, creed and region. The value based educational programs would hugely help to overcome the challenges of life. I believe that diversity is hugely important on the college campus mainly because the globalization has ushered in the multicultural society that includes people coming from diverse background of culture, race, color, class and nationality. Diversity within the campus would equip students with unmatched understanding of cross cultural values and help develop mutual respect and love. These would hugely help them in their professional lives when they are working across the globe and interact with people from different culture. (words:

Escape from Camp 14 by Blaine Harden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Escape from Camp 14 by Blaine Harden - Essay Example Shin Dong-hyuk has undergone these horrors, which has made him unprepared to live in the contemporary world, finding it difficult to adjust to a totally different environment with freedom. Being psychologically free refers to freedom from attachment and from identifying with anything. In addition, psychological freedom also refers to when an individual is a being, rather than a knowing or a doing. Because of his experiences in prison camp 14, which have resulted in classical symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and Stockholm syndrome, Shin has been unable to gain psychological freedom. Shin Dong-hyuk was born in a North Korean prison camp and lived under harsh and inhuman conditions for the first twenty-four years of his life. This was a period material, physical, and emotional deprivation for Shin, who underwent physical abuse and torture before making a successful escape from the prison camp (Harden 12). However, he escaped with scars consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder, such as flashbacks, nightmares, and panic attacks, which have denied him psychological freedom. Although he has received treatment for his posttraumatic stress disorder, he still finds himself in the grip of anger and fear, while he does not want to be alone with his thoughts for a long time because they trouble him (Harden 14). Shin has been unable to attain psychological freedom because of his trauma’s fundamental psychological effect, which is the shattering of his innocence. His experiences in prison camp 14 have led him to lose faith in any meaning, predictability, and safety in the world or any safe place that he can retreat to, including his family, which reinforces his feeling of isolation (Harden 167). His body or mind did not process his traumatic experiences at the prison camp, unlike other experiences. This is most likely due to their shocking and overwhelming

Public Education Essay Example for Free

Public Education Essay Public education has been an important part of our country throughout history. After the Declaration of Independence, fourteen states had their own constitutions by 1791. Seven of those states had specific provisions regarding education. Thomas Jefferson was one of the first American leaders to suggest a public school system. He believed that education should be under the control of the government, available to all people regardless of their status in society, and free from religious biases. Before the 1840s, the education system was only available to the wealthy. However, many reformers wanted all children in the United States to receive the benefits of education. Two reformers, Horace Mann and Henry Barnard created the Common School Journal, which was a newspaper that brought the issue of education out into the public. Because of their efforts, free public education at the elementary level was available for children by the end of the 19th century. Throughout the 1900s, many schools were created due to increased demand for skilled workers. As the 20th century progressed, many states began to enact legislation requiring people to go to school, and enrollment soared. That is how our public education system got to where it is today. There are still many issues regarding our public education system, such as some areas teaching better than others, and some classrooms having better materials than others. Local and Federal governments have always been involved in schools, making sure that they teach to their full potential. There are many congressional bills that have been passed, and many that are fighting to be passed. A very important bill that is out there today is the Student Bill of Rights, or H. R. 1295. The Student Bill of Rights is a congressional bill regarding education. It was introduced on March 31st, 2011. It is sponsored by congressman Chaka Fattah. The Student Bill of Rights basically makes sure that schools are providing their students with a proper education. It especially helps the disadvantaged students. Disadvantaged means the students who are falling behind in academics, as well as the handicapped. It allows the secretary of education to annually determine whether each states public school system provides all its students with the educational resources they need to succeed academically and in life. The main idea of this bill is that it requires all education to enable students to acquire knowledge and skills necessary for responsible citizenship, meet challenging academic achievement standards, and compete and succeed in a global economy. It does this by requiring each educational system to satisfy certain criteria. One of the criteria is that the schools must satisfy certain Opportunity To Learn (OTL) indicators for all its schools, including effective teachers and resources. Opportunity To Learn indicators are strategies introduced several decades ago, and they are defined by a narrow set of instructions. Many educators and policy makers use the Opportunity to Learn concept, ensuring that all students receive an equal education, especially or disadvantaged and minority students. It helps schools, especially poor ones, educate all their students, and it makes the schools that are worse off a priority. Another criteria is that it provides educational services in local educational agencies (LEAs) that receive funds for disadvantaged students. There are local educational agencies that receive funds from the government and some that do not. Generally speaking, the ones that do not receive funds usually have a better educational program, because that educational agency has more money. This criteria makes sure that the educational services given to funded local educational agencies are equivalent to the educational services given to local educational agencies that do not receive funds from the government. This means that the schools that are better off will not get as much help as the schools that actually need help. This will make sure that the education that both these local educational agencies provide is similar. The final criteria is that it requires each educational system to comply with any final state or federal court order in any matter concerning the effectiveness or adequacy of the system. That means that the government will have the final say. So if a school feels that it is providing adequate education and the state feels that it does not, then the school will have to submit to the state and comply. This will make sure that all schools live up to the state and federal standards, ensuring that all students receive similar education. The Student Bill of Rights also allows students or  parents who are aggrieved by violations of this Act to bring civil actions for enforcement in federal district courts. That means that if students or parents feel that the educational system under the Student Bill of Rights does not meet those criteria and are violating the bill, then they are allowed to take this to court to ensure that the bill is not violated. The Student Bill of Rights also allows the federal government to withhold portions of an educational systems funding for administrative expenses. The criteria for this to happen is if the school fails to meet a yearly goal. Another criteria is if the school does not remedy a failure to provide educational services that are comparable to the services that other schools offer for disadvantaged students, after two years. This means that if there are violations and those violations are not fixed within two years, then the school will have funds withheld from them. The last criteria is if the school does comply with a court order. There are many pros and cons of this bill, but the pros will definitely outweigh the cons. There are two goals of every school, and that is to produce workers and create citizens. A pro of this bill is that it will make sure that schools are able to do this. It will make sure that schools are able to create a pool of workers with at least minimum competence and attitudes from which businesses can select employees from. This bill will help the disadvantaged learn many skills that are necessary to succeed in the working world. Those basic skills should be achieved by all students, as they are needed in most jobs. This will also increase the number of students meeting competence in basic skills, thereby increasing the pool of workers from which employers can select from. More students will have the opportunity to enter the work force, and the better ones will be selected, providing businesses with better workers. Keep in mind that opportunity doesnt mean that the students will get a job, it just means that they will have a chance to get it. That leads to another pro, which is competition for jobs. The competition for jobs allows businesses to get better workers and keep their wages lower, decreasing costs and increasing profits. However, this means that it may be harder for others to find jobs due to the competition. With more available workers in the workforce, there will be fewer available openings for jobs. So this bill actually helps the employers more than the workers, but it is still beneficial for all students. This bill will help schools create citizens because it will educate and teach many students the skills necessary to become productive citizens in our society. It helps students achieve personal excellence. It will nurture students to become adults who have the skills, attitudes, and knowledge to become productive community members, leaders, parents, and workers. It can help students identify their interests and abilities, help set goals for them, teach them responsibility and decision making, teach them how to work as a group, and make sure that every student reaches his or her full potential. This bill is fairly new. It was referred to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce, and it has yet to pass. There hasnt been much action on this bill. This bill would be very effective if passed because it will help many students, mainly disadvantaged ones, achieve their full potential. Congress, the White House, and the U.S Supreme Court hasnt done much for this bill, nor have non-profit or non-governmental organizations. However, if this bill is passed, the potential outcomes will be great. There will be many students that succeed as citizens and workers. The standard for learning will go up, and students will be more knowledgeable overall. Eventually, our society will become much more smarter in the future, raising the standard of living for all Americans. Our brains should be considered the most important part of our bodies, because if we all train our brains, the possibilities are endless!

I Am Norman Rockwell :: Art Theory Essays

I Am Norman Rockwell Two weeks ago my family and I walked the three miles from Michigan Avenue in Chicago up to the Historical Society to see the Norman Rockwell show. I've been thinking about it ever since: Although the week before had been unseasonably warm and the trees budding, this day was in the 20's and a cold wind was blowing straight from the north, the direction we were walking. My family walked north through the cleaned up Rush street where my wife had secretly gone during high school looking for a safe kind of danger. There were ghosts of buildings no longer there: Gino's Pizza, the Jazz Showcase, and more. Just down Wabash my father, more than 20 years ago had taken me to Jim Diamond's steakhouse and bought me my first glass of wine, lying about my age. It's gone too, like my father. I was overcome with the tyranny of signs, in particular, Peirce's triadic model of representamen, object, and interpretant. Seamus Heaney writes about the ghost of a tree cut down when he was a boy, and says that this space has come to represent his umphalous, his world center. The empty or replaced buildings were ghosts mostly not of the dead but of the living, of the living who had moved on and changed. But the signs, the private set of signs my wife and I knew were there. I used to think that Peirce was talking about the physical presence of a representamen, a stop sign in the most used example, or a stone wall, or a river. I know now that when Chandler in his explanation of Peirce says cryptically a representamen is the form the sign takes and is not necessarily material. What does this have to do with

Sense and Sensibility

Sense and Sensibility by Emma Thompson she creates a vivid and dramatic film by conveying the original author’s intent. Sense and Sensibility is a 1995 British drama film directed by Ang Lee. The screenplay by Emma Thompson is based on the 1811 novel of the same name by Jane Austen. The actors develop their characters and had an amazing performance. Throughout the movie Michael Coulter took advantage of the use of cinematic techniques. Also in the film included a lot of thematic ideas that depicted in some way the era and conventions in order to maintain certain thematic ideas.Through the use of character portrayal, visual imagery, and thematic ideas the film writer creates a successful movie. The actors develop their characters and had an amazing performance. All characters played an excellent dramatic role and each of them stood out as individuals. Barbara Shulgasser of the San Francisco Examiner states, â€Å"Thompson creates a world so believable in its absurd rigidity th at we feel we have known these characters all our lives. † She brings the characters alive through the diction she is presented to the viewers.In the film each character has a role and each character plays that role and that helps to get the author’s character across to the audience. Throughout the movie Michael Coulter took advantage of the use of cinematic techniques. Jenny Beaven and John Bright develop setting, costuming and make-up to help give viewers a visual story as well as auditory. Jack Kroll opined, â€Å"As writer and actress, Thompson has all right Austen rhythms and filmmaker Ang Lee orchestrates with sensitivity and style.The screen teems and brilliant costumes and crackles with dialogue that turns English into verbal Mozart. † Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an influential composer of the Classical era. He composed over 600 works and is one of the most enduringly popular classical composers. For the movie to be compared to one of the most popular cla ssical composer show the hard work and dedication to a great performance. Through the use of pantomime and action characters creates an interesting environment and develop the different themes.Also in the film included a lot of thematic ideas that depicted in some way the era and conventions in order to maintain certain thematic ideas. Usually when two individuals have a mutual connection fate will combine the soul mates together; that theme is related to the film because of the beginning to the end the results were unpredictable. Barbara Shulgasser of the San Francisco Examiner enthused, â€Å"The movie is so intelligently wrought, and so full of good spirit that even those who have behaved badly are at the end given the chance to seem human and pained by their own weaknesses.At the end of the movie everyone was married; they experience both romance and heartbreak. In conclusion through the use of character portrayal, visual imagery, and thematic ideas the film writer creates a su ccessful movie. The characters help to promote the movie through great performances. The cinematic technique was used creatively and helps dramatically disclose the story. Thematically the information is presented in someway about the era and conventions in order to maintain certain thematic ideas.

March Madness Essay

March is one of the craziest, fun-filled, exciting months of the year, especially for people who love basketball. St. Patrick’s Day arrives, the warmth is just starting to come back; but that is not the best part, it’s all the March Madness. The NCAA Basketball Tournament brings happiness, laughter and upsets to some people and teams. Every Division 1 Basketball team in the country plays to eventually make it to the Sweet Sixteen on the bracket, in hopes of being the new NCAA Basketball Champions. Some teams struggle, while others come out on top. â€Å"The Game That Saved March Madness† written by Sean Gregory, Time staff writer who has been writing about sports for about a decade, and Alexander Wolff, a writer for Sports Illustrated, talks about the legendary game between the Georgetown and Princeton Men’s basketball teams in 1989 that saved the tradition of what is known as March Madness today. This game meant so much to the NCAA and fans who love the game of basketball because it was somewhat of a rebirth for college basketball. They talk about how Princeton, who was a number 16 seed in their division, played extremely well and almost won the game against the number 1 seed, Georgetown. Even though they fell one point short in the last few seconds, they made history and brought this tournament back to life because never has a seed that low in a division ever put up that great of a game against a top team in the country. People who like basketball should read this article because Gregory and Wolff give the history of March Madness and they interest the reader with intricate details of this event. History is an important part of everything in this world, whether it be culture, religion, or even sports. Gregory and Wolff incorporate a lot of history in this article, which makes it worth reading. They talk about the background of the tournament. In 1939, the National Association of Basketball Coaches founded March Madness, which is the NCAA Men’s Basketball tournament. For the first twelve years, there were only 8 active teams. The tournament started to increase in popularity and gained over 60 teams within  3 decades (Gregory and Wolff). They also explain how in 1989, the game between Georgetown and Princeton â€Å"saved† March Madness, and slowly but surely became the most popular sporting event, right behind the Super Bowl. Before 1989, the March Madness tournament was starting to become predictable, and there was a real controversy concerning teams with low rankings being involved in the tournament because they would have â€Å"no chance† of winning a title. Gregory and Wolff say â€Å"A St. Patrick’s Day audience, then the largest ever for a college basketball game on a young network called ESPN, was going to see a 16th seed–the lowest in the tournament–beat a No. 1 for the first time†. Before this game, no one in college basketball had witnessed this happen. Bob Scrabis, the senior captain of the Princeton Tigers basically changed the game forever. Princeton, being the lowest ranked team in tournament, gave Georgetown a run for their money. With one second left in the game and down one point, Scrabis took the shot of lifetime, but missed. Even though the Tigers did not beat the number one seeded Georgetown Hoyas, they proved that any team, ranked low or high, could provide the entertainment of a good game and possibly future upsets. When basketball fans read this, they learn the background of one the most notorious sporting events that caused an uproar in college basketball and opened the eyes to many. They would also realize how March Madness as a tournament has changed and has become as big as it is now. Although the history of the game is very important, Gregory and Wolff are so knowledgable in the game of basketball that the way they describe this game makes readers feel like they could close their eyes and see the action happen. Details can make or break a story, and in this case they made it. One way they showed details were by describing the conversation of the sports analysts Dick Vitale and John Saunders, who were calling the game. Dick Vitale said â€Å"that if Princeton won, he would hitchhike from ESPN’s offices in Bristol, Conn., to Providence and lead the Tigers’ cheerleaders for the second-round game† (Gregory and Wolff). This was a While comparing the two teams, Gregory and Wolff say: The teams also had contrasting styles. The Hoyas pushed the tempo and  pressured the ball full-court. â€Å"We had a very nasty disposition about us,† says Mourning. â€Å"We played hard-nosed, rough, very defensive-minded, in-your-face basketball.† The Tigers slowed the pace in an attempt to neutralize the physical gap with other teams. â€Å"You had to do something to take some minutes off the clock,† says Carril. â€Å"To shorten the game.† Carril’s squad ran an intricate offense designed to lull defenses to sleep. The moment they conked out, the Tigers deployed their signature play: a backdoor cut behind an unsuspecting opponent, often for an easy layup. They include details to show readers how the teams have played, which helps readers understand why and how this was such an important game to not just these two teams, but the whole college basketball community, as well. Another way they went into great detail is when they spoke about the outc ome of the game. Some people are impatient and want to just get to the point. Others, actually want to know every little detail to help them really understand why and what is going on. Gregory and Wolff said: But Georgetown didn’t wilt. Behind Mourning, the Hoyas clawed back until they were up by a point with one second remaining. Princeton in-bounder Matt Lapin passed to teammate Kit Mueller, who quickly put up a shot before time ran out. Mourning got a piece–of what, we don’t know. Something blew †¦ but it wasn’t a whistle to send Mueller to the foul line. It was the horn, to officially end the game. Georgetown 50, Princeton 49. This part of the article makes readers feel at the edge of their seats, waiting for the outcome of the game, just like they were watching it on TV. When authors like Wolff and Gregory include details like that, it brings life to the story that makes basketball fans want to keep reading more because it is just so intense and interesting to see how far college basketball has become. In spite of the fact that this game is a big part of college basketball history and it includes many details not everyone would want to read this article. People that do not like basketball would not read this because they would just simply not understand the content. If someone has never watched or have been around basketball before, they would not understand what the authors were talking about and why it matter in the society of basketball.  They would probably think this is just another â€Å"game† that was blown out of proportion and made to seem like a big deal. You cant understand something if you do no pay it any attention. Whether it be golf, tennis, volleyball or even football, if you have not watched that sport, you just would not comprehend what Sean and Alexander were talking about. Also, some people choose other hobbies rather than sports. They could be into other things like video games, art and music. Even though those people might not actually like basketball or any other sports at that, they could enjoy watching underdogs come up and beat predicted teams and they could also have a very high level of school spirit, so they would still support their school. March Madness as a tournament has come a long way. Gregory and Wolff do a great job of explaining the history of the NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament, making it easy to understand how the game unfolded, and putting in details that bring the article to life. Basketball fans should definitely read â€Å"The Game That Saved March Madness† by Sean Gregory and Alexander Wolff because they will gain knowledge about one of the most popular sporting events of this time and understand why it was so important. Works Cited Gregory, Sean, and Alexander Wolff. â€Å"The Game That Saved March Madness.† Time 183.11 (2014): 50. Academic Search Complete. Web. 17 Apr. 2014.

Summary of 1st phone call from heaven Essays

Summary of 1st phone call from heaven Essays Summary of 1st phone call from heaven Paper Summary of 1st phone call from heaven Paper The first phone call from heaven tells the story of a small town called Coldwater, Michigan. The story begins when one Friday a number of people started receiving a call from their loved ones who have already died saying that life after death is wonderful, that they are happy in heaven . Tess is contacted by her mother whom she had nursed during her illness, Katherine received a call from her sister to whom she had been so close until her death from an aneurysm, Elias Rowe is phoned by a man who blames him for his death, and Jack, the chief of police is contacted by Robbie, his son who got killed in Afghanistan. At first, those people who are receiving the calls hesitated to share the news with others for fear of mockery. Until, Katherine Yellin announces on their church congregation that she is receiving a call from her dead sister. The news spread instantly, some are convinced it’s a miracle, some said it’s a hoax but whatever it is made Coldwater the center of media and people’s attention. People are drawn to this town to be a part of this miraculous phenomenon. National news reporters are sent in to cover the story. The police force is increased to maintain order among the supporters and protesters and also phone demands increased. One man named Sully Harding, recently lost his wife and struggling to be a father to a young son, strongly believes that there is no such thing as miracle and it hurts him seeing his son, Jules waiting and hoping that his mother will call him soon. Driven by this event, Sully is determined to prove whether these â€Å"phone calls from heaven† is true or not. He begins to investigate on his own, Sully, working for a newspaper business, finds that working on print business provide access to information that just might find the missing link that ties all these phone calls together. It involves cell phone carriers, amount of time since death, and a few other things that are too similar to ignore. With the help of Elias Rowe and the young girl from town’s library, he learns a couple of facts that the calls only come in on Friday, and each recipient happens to have the same cell phone plan. Something isn’t right and Sully didn’t stop investigating until he figures out what it is. Sully soon uncovered the surprising truth, he learned that the calls that other people are receiving has connection on what happened the day his wife died. Sully was in the air force, he was flying in a fighter jet when he decided to make a pit stop to visit his wife. Upon landing on the airport he was given a poor flight instruction by a young traffic controller on a bad mood. Due to this poor instruction Sully’s plane collided with a small Cessna resulting on accident and deaths. Sully’s wife, Giselle, was speeding to the airport when he saw the smoke from the accident and panicked and the air traffic controller who causes the accident sped away and crashed on Sully’s wife that results death for both of them. The father of deceased air traffic controller, Elliot Gray, has military intelligence experience that he was able to destroy all the data that would have implication to his son, and put all the blame on Sully, causing his imprisonment. Afterwards, the father of the dead controller accessed voicemails of different people in order to put together words and phrases that would make it seem like a call from their loved ones from heaven. The call is actually aimed for Sully, it is out of guilt for the death of Giselle but he never got the call. After Sully confronts the perpetrator, he sped away from the perpetrator’s home with the news about the hoax but the snowstorm sent him off the road and onto the frozen lake. Then, his phone rang, it was Giselle, his wife telling him to get out of the car because the car is going to plunge in the ice. Sully did so just in time. Then, laying on the snowbank, he heard the siren of an ambulance. Someone had called 911, he was brought in the hospital and after he spoke with the chief police officer. He learned that the Horace called in the station saying that there is a dead man at his property and when the police arrived that dead man was Elliot Gray himself. At the end of the story, Sully has proven that the â€Å"phone calls from heaven† are hoax. Thus, when he thought that it was Giselle’s voice Elliot last manipulated he scrolls his phone and check the unknown number which he heard Giselle’s voice on the car accident and realized that the call was made an hour after Elliot’s death. Sully realized that after all, he got a real phone call from heaven.

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the Essay - 2

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the new economy bubble and the banking crisis - Essay Example It is because of this reason that capital markets are considered to play a very significant role in the economic performance of any country, and therefore, they have a high influence on major economic indicators or drivers. Based on the significance of capital markets in the national economy of any country, this study seeks to discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the â€Å"new economy† bubble and the banking crisis. This study will support this view because of the simple fact that it has already been established that the capital markets plays a key role in the national economy and, therefore, it is equally able to create conditions that lead to bubbles and bursts within the economy. In order to validate this view, the essay will first discuss the concept of ‘new economy’ bubble and banking crisis and their correlation with the capital markets. The second part of the study will provide case examples, which will act as evidence to the fact that the capital markets created the conditions that lead to the new economy bubble and the banking crisis. The third part of the study will discuss the implications that globalization have on the capital markets. According to the writings by Kelly (1998), he referred to the term ‘new economy’ as the result of a shift that occurs when the economy moves from being based on the manufacturing sector to being based on the service sector. Alcaly (2003) noted in her research studies that this particular term was coined during the dot com bubble that occurred during the late 1990s and even the early part of 2000s. During this period, Alcaly (2003) argued that there were high levels of growth, which meant that there was an increase in the employment opportunities, and the inflation rate even declined, which resulted to optimistic predictions that were a bit exaggerated and based on irrational thinking. This is because the new economy era proved to have

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

MARKETING - Essay Example In the present day, the motive behind production is no more about searching customer but delighting customers through path of customization and research. According to the American Marketing Association, Marketing is â€Å"an organizational function and a set of process for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and managing customer relationship is a way that benefits the organization and its stakeholders† (AMA, 2004). Financial success fully depends upon right marketing. Corporate goals are achieved through meeting customer needs and delighting customer expectancy and right marketing is the way to it. Right marketing is obtained through research oriented planning and execution of those marketing strategy effectively. Ten types of entities can be marketed by marketers to these categories of market. These entities include properties, services, organization, events, place, goods, information, experiences, persons, and ideas. All organizations that work under this umbrella need marketing to sustain in ever rising competitive market of the present day. Due to the affects of globalization, changing technology, deregulations, privatization, customer empowerment, customization, increasing competition, there has been a remarkable change in behavior of market. It is facing new challenges and new opportunities with changing environment. Even market leaders like GE, Microsoft, Walt Mart, Intel, and Nike are kept on their toes. In order to ensure sustainable development, the companies need to remain flexible and adaptable to the external situations. Marketing function survives on its fundamental core concepts as well as changing trends. Its fundamental concepts include needs which are basic requirements of an individual and can comprise of stated needs, unstated needs, real needs, secret needs, and delighted needs, whereas want and demand are specific needs towards a particular object (Kotler & Keller,

Scapegoate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Scapegoate - Essay Example Such story elements can easily be recognized through the variety of features. Moreover the story plot itself can be interpreted differently, when scapegoating moments are found, understood and properly adapted. This way a narration in a story of real person, Guillaume de Machaut, and tales told by fictional Sindbad the Sailor is similar. They both describe events that took place in front of their eyes. And they both narrate from their point of view – and so become subjective in their judgments. Moreover both of them where stressed at the moment of described events, and thus could not estimate situation thoroughly and adequately. They both where limited in their abilities to study situation widely and analyzed situation using information, gained from gossips and human beliefs. These facts influenced the truthfulness of both stories. In the Machaut’s case Jews eventually turned out to be unbelievably strong water poisoners – tough the poison of such quality didn’t exist in their times. And so they were prosecuted because of the prejudice. In the Sindbad’s case, every part of a story was accompanied by note that described a bright and frightening story, told to Sindbad by the other sailors. And that obviously could influence his point of view when he had met something he could not grasp. And thus real events in his story mixed up with gossips and Sindbad’s ignorance – and he added everything, described in Girard’s book, into sailor’s story: unbelievable monsters, probably undefeatable creatures, probably vicious person that definitely deserved death that Sindbad caused to him. Every his act, that become more aggressive with each part, was justified by means of scapegoating of both events and enemies. Still a giant fish could have turned out to be usual island that drowned according to an earthshaking. The famous sailor used bright examples of

Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islam - Research Paper Example Introduction One thing is for certain, Islam like all religions without exception is beautiful, peace- loving, moral, and its core consists of humanity above all. The phenomenal prosperity of Islamic reformation was the result of its capability to lead the masses out of the wretched predicament generated by the demode civilizations. Islam launched a splendid chapter of social records of mankind. It hauled away the played out old, to establish the vital new. The quest of Prophet Muhammad was to invigorate the country, eager in inquiry of learning and power in the tide of evolution (Roy, 1958) Islam, like all others religions preaches its followers to do good deeds and refrain from bad ones. The purpose of every religion is to promote and spread love, peace, tolerance, and sustainability and Islam is no different. It is essentially a peaceful and tolerant religion and it is a shame that today we have turned a blind eye towards the beautiful and fragrant flower that is Islam and are ent angled in the nonnegotiable and complex web of controversies and misunderstandings surrounding it. Methods Research papers, videos, books, and websites relating to the research were explored and studied to substantiate the findings and providing a base for the discussions. Results Emergence of Islamic Culture Muslim youth are less inclined to the propensities of voluntary ethnic isolation of their elders. The group efficaciously makes friends with Muslims of different races and ethnic inclinations and also effectively develops friendships with people from Jew, Christian, or other religions that they meet socially or professionally. Children of immigrants are likewise step by step entering a broader range of professions and are becoming prominent with each passing day. Western culture has its qualities in its appreciation for the individual, the adaptability of its polite social order, and the limitations it endeavors to place on the haughtiness of political force. It has its shortco ming in its helplessness to yield family values and strict ethics to the longings of business and trade (Moaddel, 2002). The religion of Islam, taking into account the eager accommodation of the single person to the Divine Will is a fitting religion for such a social order. The Divine Will, as enunciated in the Qur'an uncovers the standards by which the welfare of the singular and the neighborhood are orchestrated. Along these lines, Muslims ought to have the capacity to uncover a critical place in Western social order, utilizing the structure for organization building and for singular progression to make utilization of the qualities of Western culture and to help overcome its shortcomings (HRH, 1993). Progressively, that is the thing that western Muslims have achieved successfully. Similarities I chose to discuss the most basic and most controversial aspects; One God The most basic and fundamental testimony of Islam and every other mainstream religion is having faith and believing that there is only one God. It was the most important and central message delivered to the followers, at first by Abraham, Isaac, Ishmael, and Moses (Prophets and Prophecy). Moses testifies; â€Å"Hear, O Israel The Lord our God is one Lord.†

Causes and Effects of Job Stress

Causes and Effects of Job Stress Chapter no. 2 2) A review of literature Job stress has been recognized as a serious and chronic cause of individual suffering, irritation, strain and discomforts. As a matter of fact little research work has so far been carried out on the topic of job stress in Pakistan. On the other hand plenty of work has been done on the topic across the world particularly in the U.S.A and Europe. For the purpose of conducting review of relevant literature on the topic, the researcher was obliged to browse through Internet and to find relevant materials. The magnitude of research work done on job stress across the world and the quantum of data available on the topic on the Internet is phenomenal and is outside the scope of this chapter to incorporate it all. However an effort has been made to select a few closely related dissertations, reports and articles on the topic for review purpose. This review examines published evidences on the causes and effects of job stress, and the implications for nurses/employees in organisations. It is worth mentioning here that in todays dynamic world the nursing profession is considered to be full of stress. British Psychological Society, 1988 stated job stress as one of the top ten industrial diseases in the US†. Willcox (1994), reported that atleast 25% of the employees are psychlogically stressed at any one time. It has serious implications for the health of the workers in the society as a whole. The Health of The Nation (HMSO, 1992) describes that this area needs to be addressed to promote the health of the workers (government documents 1992). ‘Stress is â€Å"one of the most inaccurate words in the scientific literature† reported by williams (1994). The term sometimes indicates stressfull events and sometime indicate the effect of these events on work performance and sometime dis ordered health remarked by Maclean (1985). Marmot Et. Al 1987 reports that job stress is â€Å"lack of understanding how work enviroment make a person ill. Job stress refer to broad class of problems indicated by Lazarus (1971) â€Å"Any demand which atax the system, whatever it is, a physiological system, a social system or a psychological system, and the response of that system.† There is greater consensus about the meaning and effect of job stress. WHO (1986) stated that stress â€Å"is a dynamic state of mind characterized by reasonable harmony between a persons abilities, needs and expectations, and environmental demands and opportunities.† Prof. Cox (1993) concentrates on the importance for general health of a st ate of balance between needs and demands, citing the World Health Organisations definition of well-being: Research study on job stress concludes; Hans Selye (1956) is considered as the father of stress research. The Stress of Life (1956), a book by Hans Seyle introduced the concept of stress in the public domain and his General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] is a popular one amongst the research scholor of psychology and management. Stress â€Å"a state, manifested by a specific syndrome of biological events† Selye (1974). He argued that stress is not entirely a bad event. According to him stress is the reaction of the physical body toward a situation or event, which is demanding. â€Å"Any kind of normal activity can produce considerable stress without causing any harmful effects† (Selye, 1974), Selye 1982 clearly state that the non specific implication of any demand put on the body be its effect mental or somatic. â€Å"The uncertainty that occurs at the organizational, unit, group, and individual levels. Uncertainty exists to the extent that knowledge about an event or condition requiring action or resolution is experienced as inadequate† reported by Schuler and Jackson (1986). Edwards (1988) view about the stress is that â€Å"A negative discrepancy between an individuals perceived state and desired state, provided that the presence of this discrepancy is considered important by the individual.† Taylor (1992) reported about stress in the following words â€Å"Demands made upon us [internally or externally] which we perceive as exceeding our adaptive resources. If we try to cope and that is ineffective this gives rise to stress. If this stress is prolonged then lasting psychological and physical damage may occur.† Hereby demands we do mean that arise from the workload or work burden. Cox (1993) perception of stress is from te assumption that stressor are discreat, time limited and various events of the life requiring adjustments or adaptaion are utterly associated with stress. Holmes and Rahe (1967) ranked the potential stressfull events which may be work or non work related such as death of spouse, divorce, marriage (not all negative), fired from work marital reconciliation, retirement, bussiness readjustment, change in work responsibilities trouble with boss change in work condition. (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). â€Å"Job stress is the sum total of factors experienced in relation to work which affects the psychosocial and physiological homeostasis of the worker. The individual factor is termed a stressor and stress is the individual workers reaction to stressors.† Suggested by Weiman (1977). Beehr and OHara (1987) used ‘stressor rather than ‘stress to refer to causal factors becauseâ€Å"few people misinterpret stressor to mean the persons reaction.† And uses ‘strain to mean â€Å"the state ofbeing stressed as evidenced by physiological, psychological or medical indices,† Hans Selye (1951) report about The General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] states that, in response to a stressor, an initial ‘alarm reaction is followed by a ‘stage of resistance in which resistance to the original stressor builds up but ability to resist new stressors is lowered. Eventually a ‘stage of exhaustion sets in which ends in catastrophic inability to cope with any form of stress. 2.1 The human face of nursing, (2001): Commented on nursing profession; The female nurses faces challenging situations on daily basis. They face crying and dying patients and their task is stressfull , unrewarding and frightening. 2.2 The importance of the nursing profession is evident from the fact that the ILO has commissioned a manual with the title job stress in nursing profession to control and prevent the stress by Professor Cox (ILO 2001) 2.3 ILO (2001) reported. The occupation of nursing is related with challenges and demanding tasks. It is also full of overload, role conflit and role ambiguity. So, there is a great need to initiate a stress intervention and stress management program for nurses. 2.4 ILO(2001) presented that various research studies have tried to work out the effect of job stress on job performance and job satisfaction of nurses. It has been established that a negative relation exist between job stress and job performance and job satisfaction. 2.5 Health and Safety Executive (HSE 2001) research report with the title; the workplace stress epidemic; reveals that 53% of the employees have experienced a stress in the work place, International Stress Management Association (2001) found that one out of four working force have suffered due to stress related sickness. One out of five has suffered extreme stress in the work palce. 2.5 The HSE(2001) research found, a highky significant co relation between extreme stress and poor working condition. The employees have reported a wide rang of health problems and behavior problems, Professor Andy Smith have confirmed the fact that job stress is one of the most evident problem in the work enviroment. 2.6 The Bristol team(2000)has reported that 30% increase in job stress has been occurred in the work enviroment. The major problems indicated by job stress related illness are depression, anxiety, backach and musculo skeletal disorders. 2.7 Chartered Management Institute in 2001has found that long hours work load, working late at night has become a culture in the todays modern organization and as such are sources of job stress. 2.8 This study by the CMI and healthcare(2000), has reportd that 25% of the executive had gone on sick leave in the past one year due to job stress, 75% of the executive has reported that job stress was demaging their home life, health, performace at work and satisfaction level.. 2.9 The Health and Safety Executive (2001); research survey stated about sorces of stress and the circumstances which result in stress. The sources of stress are work overload, repetative work, role conflict, role ambiguity, danger, harasment and bullying, poor relation ship, in flexible shedule, lack of social support, confusion, lack of communication and poor working condition etc. 2.9.1Cary Cooper(1995), has argued that the trends in the american society are the major sources of job stress, such as working for long hours, down sizing and no contact culture. 2.10 According to Elizabeth Burtney (2002),who found the organization are full of stress and therefore we should focus on the stress intervention in the organization as wel as on stressed out indivisual. 2.11 Professor Stephen Palmer(2001)reported in his research study that stress in a universal thing. Everyone can be stressed and the threshold level of every body will be different. It depend on the person how he percieves a specific situation. Stress may be the result of the interactio between the person and enviroment. 2.11.1 Professor Cary Cooper (1995) has argued that insecurity in the organization stereo type attitude of the boss may be the major sources of stress. For employees it is necessary that they should have complete control on the job because of lack of control some time result in job stress. 2.11.2 Elizabeth Burtney of HEBS research(2004) reveals that stress in this modern world too carries a stigma in the closed style of management where the employees are expected to work hard and no concern is shown for their home life. The employees too never talk about the job stress. 2.12 Elizabeth Burtney of HEBS (2002)reported.That every job has some stress and the most stressful job is that where there is the element of change. Some professions such as health care education, games, and sports are highly stressful and risky. 2.13 Professor Cary Cooper(1997) has found the most stressful jobs of todays world. These are security personnels, social organization, education the proffession of nursing, medical and dentistry, sports and games, acting, jornalism, transportation and resturants. 2.14 Professor Cooper (1997)has assessedthat 60% increase in the job stress level has been occurred. Further he has measured the intensity of job stress in various proffession. 2.15According to an article with the title, â€Å"Job stress and job satisfaction† of employees in German radiotherapy (2001), which concludes that the greatest source of job stress stemmed from underpayment, crying patients,keeping patients fit and living,long hours, role conflict etc. Physicians and nurses showed a significantly higher stress level on scales such as structural conditions and particularly compassion than radiographers and physicists. Finally, rating of job stress and satisfaction depends significantly on the age group, gender, experience and the hospital. 2.16 K. CHANDRAIAH et. al. (1990) research study with title;Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Managers, states;Individuals under excessive stress tend to find their jobs less satisfying. Some of their intrinsic or extrinsic needs may be thwarted or not met sufficiently.Corroborating many studies in the literature (Hollingworth et. al. 1988; Keller, 1975), the findingsof the present study also reveal the same. The subjects with lower job satisfaction were found to experience more stress in the form of overload,role ambiguity, role conflict, under participation, powerlessness and low status compared to those with higher job satisfaction. Age, therefore, was found to be of importance in these study findings. The results of the study reiteratethe significance of demands at each career development level as pointed out by Hallingworth.And the individuals encounter crisis at each developmental stage as hypothesized by Erickson.Significantly decreasing stress and increasing job satisfaction with increasing age was found among the managers and these confirm the importance of the developmental process. 2.17 An Empirical Study (1999) with title, â€Å"Effect of Job Stress† reported that; job stress is one of the vital issues in the organisation. It has been established that a negative relation exist between job stress and job performance, job stress and job satisfaction. 2.18 This review with title factors influencing stress and job satisfaction(2001): shows that various elements effect stress level and job satisfaction. These elements are leadership, quality control, relation between doctor and nurse. It has been established that a negative relationship exists between leadership, stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. 2.19 Beatrice et. al. (2002) has found that the higher is the demand on job the higher will be the stress and demanding job negatively affect the health of the nurses and result in deterioration of general health. 2.20 Center for Organizational Health and Development(2002) researched on job related stress in nursing:The research appears to support the view that, together, factors inherent in the nursing role and in the organizational culture within which the nurse works are as important a determinant of the experience of stress by nurses as the type of nursing pursued. Stress in nursing reflects the overall complexity of the nurses role, rather than any particular aspects of their individual tasks. Different nursing groups report similar levels of stress, the profile of stressors associated with those similar levels differed somewhat between groups. However, the inter-group differences reported in those studies and others are not sufficient to argue for the separate treatment of the various nurse groups which exist in hospitals. Therefore, while strategies forstress management needs to be tailored to the generic group, hospital-based nurses, they do not need to be further tailored to distingui sh between different types of hospital-based nurses. 2.21 HSE(1995) research study entitled health effects of stress in nursing† states that job stress negatively effect quality of nurses work it results in creating minor psychiatric morbidity, physical illness and a lot of other health related diseases. It also increases the musculo skeletal disorder and depression. Nurses are amongst those groups of profession which reported a higher level of stress. 2.22 The study here is of Kaohsiung City government employees, china human resource management deptt (2000), entitled job stress relation with social support and job performance.It has been proved in the above research study that there is great relevance between job stress and job performance. job stress is inversly propotional to job performance. Further social support has a great impact on level of job stress. Greater social support results in the reduction of stress level and hence increases the perfromance of the employees. The report also indicated that female employees feel more stressed as compared to male employees (Bheer 2000). 2.23 Ms santha et. al. (2003) research report has presented that the stress level of the employees has various effects on the employees as well as on the organization. Due to stress the employee may give more absenteeism, accidents, high turnover rate and impaired descion. Upto some extent stress may be a good thing. It gives the push and motivation to the employee. But extreme stress is harmful. It may result in poor performance and yet productivity of the employees is reduced. 2.24 NIOSH (1999) reported that; 40% of workers say their job is extremely stressfull. 26% of workers report burnout during working hours. 2.25 Davids and Theresas(1999)have reported that 25% of the employees have considered there job stressful, 75% of the employees say that the task is the modern organisation is more stressful than earlier. Job stress may give a lot of problems during the work and it is attached with health problems etc. 2.26 NIOSH (2001) model of job stress is self explanatory; STRESSFUL JOB CONDITION=RISK OF INJURY ILLNESS. (Individual/situation factor apply) 2.27 The NIOSH (1999) research study on gender and job stress finds that sex descrimination and role conflict and role ambiguity and family demand may have more severe effect on female employees. Stress can be reduced in the organisation by introducing a change in the workplace. It may result in the reduction of stress levels for both workers male and females. The organization should promote family friendly policiy, discourge sex descrimination. 2.28 The research study with the title Women in Construction† has reported that women in the construction industry have complaints of frequent harasment isolation and abuses by her co workers. The turn over of the female workers in the construction industry is higher as compared to others. Female labours in this industry are always at higher risk due to lack of safety measures and trainings. 2.29 In the research study by NIOSH (1999) of females workers in the internal revencue service (IRS), which states that musculoskeletal discomfort can be reduced to a great extent if periodic rest is provided to the worker during working hours. It may result in higer job performance. 2.30 NIOSH (2001) has presented in a survey that 60% of the woman workers have reported that stress is a great problem for them. They have cited that the following are the major sources of stress during job for females employees, role conflict and role ambiguity, poor relationship with other workers, burden of work, rush poor working enviroment, monotonus and repetitive work, lack of control over job, demands etc. 2.31 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2001) indicated that in the current era the stress related expenditure on employees is 50% higher than the early period. 2.32Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety and Health(2001)states that high demanding jobs enhances the risk of cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, psychological problems, injuries at work, suicide, cancer, ulcer and impaired immune function. 2.33 NIOSH(2001) research report on job stress health and productivity states that job stress has inverse relation with productivity and it negatively affect the health of the employees. Stressful working condition results in poor health of the employees. Job stress increases absenteeism, tardiness, higher turnover and poor health. 2.34 Journal of Applied Psychology (2001)reseacrh report with the title â€Å"Stress Prevention and Job Performance† states that effect of intervention programe on job stress is very encouraging. The organization should educate employee on job stress, inform the employees regarding policies of the organization, how to reduce job stress and initiate employees support program. Stress prevention program encourage employees and results in enhanced production. 2.35 NIOSH (2000)has reported thaton average employees remain off the job for alost 20 days due to job stress, so job stress results in increased absenteeism. 2.36 The report by national insurance company 1992 enitiled employee burnout states that job stress directly propotional to burn out. Employees stress level should be reduced to avoid employees burn out. In the research study by the national insurance company that female workers feel more stressed than male workers. The chances of burnout and physical sickness related to job stress are more among female workers. The reason may be that the women are paid less than male workers. 2.37 European Agency (2001) research report has mentioned the following details which may be considered at the cost of Each year millions of working days are lost due to job stress. The cost of job stress in term of money is in millions of dollars. 2.38 Many studies have tried to determine the posible positive relationship between job stress and violance at work drug use. One study has established the fact that job stress creates negative indivisuals and has negative effect on the organization. The workers who experienced job stress start using drugs and alcohol and tobacco to reduce there tension, so job stress is one of the reason for drinking in the workers ILO (2001). 2.39 University of utara(2004), Malaysia, school of accounting, report on job stress among professional accountants working in selected public firms, a Malaysia case, establish and extends that job stressors faced by workers during job includes workload, role conflict, role ambiguity, lack of job autonomy and lack of job control. 2.40 A research report in Saudi Medical Journal (2003)titledâ€Å"Job satisfaction and organizationalcommitment â€Å" states that female nurses are more satisfied and contented in the public sector hospital, the study further reveals that satisfied nurses provide higher output as compared to less satisfied nurses. The other factor for higher production from nurses is there comittment toward job. 2.41 A report in journal of health (2003) with title â€Å"stress and suicide in nurses† revealed that the relation between stress and suicide remained U shaped.when the job stress and home stress are combined, five fold increase in risk of suicide among women occurs.risk of suicide among high stress women is more compare to low stress experience by women. 2.42 School of Health Science (2002),Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona,Sweden entitled â€Å"job stress of nurses† concludes that stress contains amongst other the element of moral. There is shortage of nurses in the health care and organisational structure too impedes nursing performance to avoid the negative consequences of stress for nurses moral support is required. In ICU stress and complex situation are common for all nurses, the stress implication are sometime ethical issues, morbidity and burn out, the report revealed. 2.43 Queensland University of Technology(2002), thesis with the title â€Å"The influence of work stress and work support on burnout in public hospital nurses† States that female nurses with high level of stress and little support have experience high rate of burnout. Job stressors were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, Conflict. Changes in the objective conditions at work have had major implications for nurses subjective experiences of work, with increasing numbers of nurses feeling stressed and as a consequence, are opting to work part-time or leave the profession 2.44 HSJ HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL(2005), REPORT CARRYING THE TITLE â€Å"job stress and job satisfaction†shows that a strong negative relationship was found between clinical leadership, inter-professional collaboration, and stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. 2.45 A research study by Deptt of medicine(2006). University of Ottawa, enitiled, â€Å"job stress corelation with job satisfaction and burn out†The findings are that medical staff frequently faces burn out due to high level of job stress. The turn over rate amongst the highly stressed workers are very high. The problem of burnout is common amongst the staff of cancer unit. 2.46 A research paper by School of Health Care Practice 2006, Anglia Polytechnic University, Chelmsford, Essex(2009), UK,entitled â€Å"Workplace stress in nursing† finds that workload, management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring and leadership style, lack of reward and shift working are the main sources of stress for nurses for many years. Stress management programe should concentrate on stress prevention as well as how organization should takle this vital issue. 2.47 The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout (2005), Research Paper with title OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS, concludes that,The mental healthcounselors involved in completing the survey instruments scored an average of2.57 on afive point scale, with past administrations of the Weiman Occupational Stress Scalehaving yielded a baseline score of 2.25. The mental health counselors in this study scoredon average 13% higher than the calculated WOSS baseline. Employees in publiclyfunded institutions (Winnebago Mental Health) experience greater perceived work stressthan those counselors in privately funded clinics. 2.48 Research studyconducted by Carol Brewer(2000)mentioned that new comers in the profession of nursing confront enhanced stress as compared to existing lot .New nurses have reported the following are the major sources of job stress for them; complex jobs ,long hours,overtimes frequently, role conflict, role ambiguity, dangerous working conditions,abuses, inadequate resources and strain. 2.49An Exploratorystudy(2001) to dig out the job stressors conducted in Tiawan on nurses concludes that changes in the todays organizations,role conflict, role ambiguity,lack of social support,working environment in the hospital, demanding job of nurses are the main stressors for nurses. 2.50 European Journal(2005) of Social Sciences, reportentitled â€Å"Link between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction† signify that job stress and job satisfaction are invrsely corelated. According to Stamps Piedmonte (1986) job satisfaction has been found significant relationship with job stress. One study of general practitioners in England identified four job stressors that were predictive of job dissatisfaction (Cooper, et al., 1989). In other study, Vinokur-Kaplan (1991) stated that organization factors such as workload and working condition were negatively related with job satisfaction. Fletcher Payne (1980) identified that a lack of satisfaction can be a source of stress, while high satisfaction can alleviate the effects of stress. This study reveals that, both of job stress and job satisfaction were found to be interrelated. The study of Landsbergis (1988) and Terry et al. (1993) showed that high levels of work stress are associated with low levels of job satisfaction. M oreover, Cummins (1990) have emphasized that job stressors are predictive of job dissatisfaction and greater propensity to leave the organization. Sheena et al. (2005) studied in UK found that there are some occupations that are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors such as physical health, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction. The relationship between variables can be very important to academician. If a definite link exists between two variables, it could be possible for a academician to provide intervention in order to increase the level of one of the variables in hope that the intervention will also improve the other variable as well (Koslowsky, et al., 1995). 2.51 A Study of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among UniversityStaff in Malaysia, a research article(2007)investigates what corelation exists between job stress and job satisfaction? Inverse relationship exists between job stress and job satisfaction. The stressors that have been taken for research contain leadership style and interference by management, relationship with peers, work burden, role ambiguity, and role conflict. 2.52Faculty of Education (2001), University of Ibadan, article entitledâ€Å"Effects of Job Stress† states that stress has negative effect on health, physical and mental, work behaviour,and performance,satisfaction level. 2.53 Heavy workloads, difficult students and lack of resources are stressing out Australian teachers (1999). Many also experience stress from increasing violence and bullying. In one recent year, 274 teachers in Victoria were either assaulted or threatened by students and another 70 were attacked by colleagues. Over the past five years , 910 teachers in Victoria and 1150 teachers in New South Wales have filed worker compensation claims for anxiety,depression,nervous breakdown and other stress related symptom. Union leaders say these figures are just the tip of the iceberg: Teacher are very reluctant to proceed with those claims because it just adds another problem and additional stress, explains Australian education union president John Gregory Teaching in Australia may be stressful, but the profession seems to be under siege in the Uk , Janice Howell a primary school teacher in Newport (South Wales)is one of the casualties. She initially had the assistance of an English language tea cher but that teacher took long-term leave with no replacement. Unable to cope with 28 kids, 11 of them with learning or behavioral difficulties, Howell had a nervous breakdown. After recovering several months later, Howell complained to the school about the intolerable stress. Rather than providing support, the school added two more troubled kids to Howells class. One student, new to Wales, ran away one morning and was seen playing near dangerous mudflats. Although he was taken home safely, no one told Howell until the end of the day. This led to Howells second breakdown, ending her career. From being a confident, well adjusted teacher who enjoyed her job I became depressed and dysfunctional, says Howell for the first time in my life I did hate to go to work. It got to the stage that I was physically unable to enter the classroom. 2.54 Nebuo Miuro (1999)quoted in the book about stress that employees are under a lot of pressure from his employer to get a new restaurant ready for its launch. The interiors fitter from Tokyo worked late, sometimes until 4.30 in the morning. After one such marathon, Miuro caught a few hour sleep, then return for another long day. But he didnt get very far. The 47 year old suddenly took ill and keeled over while picking up his hammer and nails. He died a week later. The corners verdict was that Miuro died of Karoshi_death by overwork. Karoshi accounts for nearly 10000 deaths each year in Japan. Research indicates that long work hours cause an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, poor eating habits, lack of physical exercise and sleeplessness. This result in weight gain, which, along with stressful working conditions, damages the cardiovascular system and leads to strokes and heart attacks. Karoshi came to the public spotlight in the 1970s when Japans economy was booming, but the cou ntrys current recession is making matters worse.companies are laying off employees and loading the extra work onto those who remain. Performance based expectations are replacing life qtime employment guarantees, putting further pressure on employees to work long hours. Many also blame Japans samurai spirit culture which idolizes long work hours as the ultimate symbol of company loyalty and personal fortitude. Being exhausted is considered a virtue